In the years before mass car ownership, Birmingham’s dispersed estates had significant flaws. Birmingham remains the largest city in Europe without an underground metro system, and its suburban workers were wholly reliant on the bus network. The landscape was denuded of the pubs, music halls and community life that defined the inner city; bus conductors would call out ‘Siberia!’ on arrival at the Billesley estate.
Ideally, a second city should present an alternative to the centre, a different set of values, a different ethos or way of life; Marseille compared with Paris, Los Angeles with New York, Hamburg or Cologne with Berlin, Milan with Rome, Shanghai with Beijing. Richard Vinen has little that is nice to say about his hometown, but he does finally conclude that Birmingham fits the bill, offering a sharp contrast to the power represented by the Roman colonial capital, London. A city in constant flux, with a bourgeoisie but no aristocracy or court and little literature, a place without mythology or ghosts.