In 2023, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to ask the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to clarify, first, the obligations of states under international law to ensure protection of the climate system from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and, second, the legal consequences for states whose actions have caused significant harm to the environment. The resolution was tabled by Vanuatu, a nation made up of an archipelago of dozens of volcanic islands, which is consistently ranked as the country with the highest disaster risk. The campaign had been started by a class of law students at the University of the South Pacific and gained the endorsement of the Pacific Islands Forum in 2022.





