Studying is harmful: China sits the Gaokao
Iza Ding, 5 February 2026
It’s almost impossible to read any work on meritocracy without being reminded that the word was first used in mid-20th-century Britain to portray a dystopian society, a rigid caste system in which a smug elite claimed power on the basis of superior effort and ability. But it was imperial China where meritocratic ideals were first brought to life. The keju, or imperial civil service...

