“... died.Of the three it was Cosway, born in 1760, who had the strangest start in life. Her parents, Charles and Isabella Hadfield, had settled in Florence where they ran an inn, Carlo’s, on the left bank of the Arno, which catered for the flow of Grand Tourists from England and Scotland. Even the most sophisticated of travellers might be homesick and the ...”

“... for her distressed co-religionists abroad; she was less ready to give them armies or subsidies. Charles I, profoundly unsympathetic to international Protestant aspirations, happily ordered collections for Europe’s reformed refugees. The test for rulers came when religious sentiment conflicted with dynastic or mercantile priorities. Even Oliver ...”

“... mythical monster, the chimera (lion head, goat body, serpent tail) was evoked by the geneticist Charles Boklage to characterise the many ‘twins who are walking around in a single body’. These people, presumably, have recovered and incorporated their vanished twins, becoming atavisms of Plato’s undivided androgyne. Similarly, what Freud called the ...”

“... mentions only in passing, though he describes it as important. This was the prosecution of Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant for republishing Charles Knowlton’s 1832 book The Fruits of Philosophy: An Essay on the Population Problem, which advocated birth control. A sixpenny reprint had been seized and condemned as ...”

“... managed not to step on. Instead he befriended the journalist Raymond De Becker, an admirer of Charles Maurras whose ‘ferociously neutral’ weekly, L’Ouest, was subsidised behind the scenes by the German ambassador. Hergé drew cartoons for the magazine and illustrated some of De Becker’s pamphlets, among them one called Pour un ordre nouveau. These ...”

“... to give respectability to a young woman living on her wits. Behn genuinely served as a spy for Charles II in Antwerp, and discovered the hard way that the government was very reluctant to pay its employees. (Like other gentlemen of Behn’s acquaintance, Charles was better at promise than performance.) Behn then managed ...”

“... the academic year 1964-65, when he was a young apprentice academic and Lewis was the visiting Charles Eliot Norton Professor: the differences in age and culture and experience somehow worked to kindle the regard and friendship we instantly felt for each other and found in each other. I was beginning to study the American poetic tradition, and it was ...”

“... slaving expanded significantly during the 1660s, under the enthusiastic leadership of the new king, Charles II, and his brother, the future James II. In 1665, it was James’s eagerness to capture Dutch slave-trading forts on the West African coast that set off the second Anglo-Dutch war. In the last quarter of the ...”

“... and campaigned for election in 2002 in his chauffeur-driven Daimler, always accompanied by two King Charles spaniels. Van Gogh admired him – they admired each other for their shared outrageousness – and according to Buruma he scripted some of Fortuyn’s best lines. Buruma’s account of Fortuyn is one of the best available in English, but it is ...”

“... and ‘Independent’ in the old carefree way. Three years later followed The Reign of King Pym, a masterly study of Parliamentary politics during the early years of the English Revolution which has dominated historical thinking ever since. In 1952, he published More’s Utopia: The Biography of an Idea, a competent but not epoch-making work. Since ...”

“... more than simply years, though living from 1705 to 1793 was a good start. As chief justice of the King’s Bench for 32 years, he modernised an antiquated system of common law and rationalised a diffuse system of mercantile law; he drafted statutes; he played a central role in politics as cabinet member, counsellor and confidant; he knew everyone from Boswell ...”

“... son-in-law Ali, venerated by Shiites as the first imam. In 1649, not long after the execution of Charles I, the first English translation of the Quran appeared. Its Royalist translator had intended to dedicate the book to the king, as Matthew Dimmock noted in Mythologies of the Prophet Muhammad in Early Modern English ...”

“... Isaac Casaubon, Mayerne sought, and received, sanctuary at the court of the British philosopher-king James VI and I, where erudition was prized over orthodoxy – or indeed decorum. England was to be Mayerne’s de facto home for the rest of his life. The wars of religion had injected a crucial element of paranoia into court life. Kings and leading ...”

“... feelings. ‘Ambivalence has to be distinguished from having mixed feelings about someone,’ Charles Rycroft writes in his appropriately entitled A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis: ‘It refers to an underlying emotional attitude in which the contradictory attitudes derive from a common source and are interdependent, whereas mixed feelings may be ...”

“... routine question on ‘just cause and impediment’. And those equally ‘literary’ figures of Charles and Di, the gallant prince leading his innocent young bride to the altar, provide an image of romance that still manages to support even the cheapest shotgun wedding. Surprisingly, Rubinstein found no place in her anthology for this royal epitome of ...”