Where their real face was known

John Lloyd

• The KGB: The Inside Story of the Foreign Operations by Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky
  Hodder, 704 pp, £20.00, October 1990, ISBN 0 340 48561 2
• Inside the KGB: Myth and Reality by Vladimir Kuzichkin
  Deutsch, 406 pp, £14.99, October 1990, ISBN 0 233 98616 2

Most of the institutions of the Soviet state had their finest hour under Stalin. More than anyone else, Mikhail Gorbachev has made this clear: his efforts to force the Stalin period to act as a receptacle for much of the odium felt for Communist rule – with the Brezhnev ‘era of stagnation’ in support – have succeeded only in showing that effective Communism can have no dynamic outside of Stalinism. Communism is about the creation of utopia – otherwise defined as the end of history, or the full victory of the working class. If history does not know its script, it must be forced to act as if it did, dragged by the scruff of its neck towards an always glorious, but always receding climax. As W.H. Auden remarked in another context, those leaders who believe in the possibility of utopia would be shirking their civic duty if they did not terrorise their citizens into acceptance.