Few of the Roman emperors learned the lesson of their forerunners; and British prime ministers don’t seem to be much better at knowing when to give up.

Read more about Short Cuts: The life expectancy of a Roman emperor

Why is it so hard to write a decent history of the Jesuits? Perhaps the subject is too large; but people manage with other worldwide institutions, such as the British Empire or the Roman Church in...

Read more about Take a tinderbox and go steady with your canoe: Jesuits

Short Cuts: aristocrats

Thomas Jones, 20 May 2004

Peregrine Worsthorne has revealed himself as a Scarlet Pimpernel de nos jours. In his new book, In Defence of Aristocracy (HarperCollins, £15), the former editor of the Sunday Telegraph sets...

Read more about Short Cuts: aristocrats

In his tactless German way, Prince Albert pulled no punches: ‘We have no general staff or staff corps, no field commissariat, no field army department; no ambulance corps, no baggage train,...

Read more about Lord Cardigan’s Cherry Pants: The benefits of the Crimean War

Writers and literary academics have never been closer, and never further apart. Since the New Criticism of the 1950s, there have been two developments that should be contradictory but whose...

Read more about The Slightest Sardine: a literary dragnet

To hell with the new society! It’s only Gennady who can get wrapped up in it and spend hours reading what Lenin and Stalin said and about the achievements of our Soviet Union. ...

Read more about Pessimism and Boys: the diary of a Soviet schoolgirl

No one disputes that the British electoral system before 1832 was a mockery of representation. Members of Parliament did not want or pretend to be representative: the word ‘democracy’...

Read more about Shoy-Hoys: The not-so-great Reform Act

Too Much: a history of masturbation

Barbara Taylor, 6 May 2004

Lounging in a boat​ anchored near his home, daydreaming about a ‘pretty wench’ he’d spotted in Westminster earlier that day, Samuel Pepys became so aroused that he ejaculated...

Read more about Too Much: a history of masturbation

In the summer of 782, ‘4500 Saxon prisoners were beheaded on a single day at Verden on the River Aller in northern Saxony, on the orders of Charlemagne, King of the Franks.’ So,...

Read more about Go away and learn: Charlemagne’s Superstate

Thanks to Michel Foucault and Discipline and Punish, history students now graduate knowing more about the history of the body than about the English Civil War or the Industrial Revolution. At the...

Read more about Never Knowingly Naked: 17th-century bodies

Some years ago, a National Enquirer headline announced that Martians had killed off the dinosaurs while visiting Earth to do some big-game hunting. It is hard to imagine such an explanation for...

Read more about When Pigs Ruled the Earth: a prehistoric apocalypse

In the middle of the Depression, Roosevelt’s Works Progress Administration (WPA) set out to increase American purchasing power by getting the unemployed back to work. For the most part they...

Read more about Tang and Tone: The Federal Writer’s Project’s American epic

Chiang Kai-shek celebrated his 50th birthday (by the Chinese way of counting) in October 1936. To mark the occasion, every schoolchild in the country – or in those parts not already...

Read more about Would he have been better? Chiang Kai-shek

Short Cuts: ‘Scouting for Boys’

Thomas Jones, 4 March 2004

I never was a boy scout. Not because I had anything against camping, making fires, tying knots, reading maps, climbing trees, playing at soldiers or pretending to be a spy, but because the idea...

Read more about Short Cuts: ‘Scouting for Boys’

Narcotic drugs taken for recreational purposes were, until comparatively recently, mainly associated with the ‘Orient’. They were used in Europe only by ‘Orientals’ and...

Read more about Strew the path with flowers: cannabis and empire

Gardening today labours to be classless. TV programmes and books try to persuade us that we, whoever we are, can make over scrubby lawns, erect decking, build pergolas, plumb in water features,...

Read more about Imparadised: cultivation and desire in Renaissance gardens

Assertrix: Mary Wollstonecraft

Elizabeth Spelman, 19 February 2004

It’s a rare champion of justice who is not rather partial to the injustices that grease the gears of his or her everyday life. Feminists know this all too well: 19th-century white women...

Read more about Assertrix: Mary Wollstonecraft

Seven Miles per Hour: The men who invented flight

Robert Macfarlane, 5 February 2004

It’s hard, in our age of budget flights and short hops, to appreciate the glamour of early aviation. Yet for fifteen years or so – from the late 1890s until the opening months of the...

Read more about Seven Miles per Hour: The men who invented flight