Leadership

T.H. Breen

• The First Salute by Barbara Tuchman
  Joseph, 347 pp, £15.95, March 1989, ISBN 0 7181 3142 8
• Sister Republics: The Origins of French and American Republicanism by Patrice Higonnet
  Harvard, 317 pp, £19.95, December 1988, ISBN 0 674 80982 3
• Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America by Edmund Morgan
  Norton, 318 pp, £12.95, September 1988, ISBN 0 03 930255 5

‘Revolutions,’ Barbara Tuchman writes, ‘produce other men, not new men. Half-way “between truth and endless error” the mould of the species is permanent. That is the earth’s burden.’ Edmund Morgan and Patrice Higonnet are less pessimistic. They see the great ideological transformations of the 18th century as a continuing challenge. To be sure, those who dreamed of creating a genuine liberal democracy may have failed to achieve their immediate goals, but they issued a powerful invitation to establish the sovereignty of the people. This dynamic concept, Morgan writes, ‘has continually challenged the governing few to reform the facts of political and social existence to fit the aspirations it fosters. The presumption that social rank should convey a title to political authority was only the first casualty in its reformations, and we have not yet seen the last.’