Rosalind Mitchison on the history of Scotland

• Presbyteries and Profits: Calvinism and the Development of Capitalism in Scotland 1506-1707 by Gordon Marshall
  Oxford, 406 pp, £18.00, September 1980, ISBN 0 19 827246 4
• The Jacobite Risings in Britain, 1689-1746 by Bruce Lenman
  Eyre Methuen, 300 pp, £9.95, May 1980, ISBN 0 413 39650 9

It is over seventy years since Max Weber put forward the thesis that the Protestant ethic was closely linked to the ethos of capitalism, a thesis which has inspired a long-standing debate among historians. In the cases held to support the theory, Weber included Scotland. Economic historians have at various times commented on the paradox of the Scottish case, contrasting the backward economy of the country in the 17th century with its monolithic adherence to an extreme form of Calvinism, but nobody has, till now, taken the trouble to make a thorough study of whether the evidence from Scotland confirms or contradicts Weber’s theory. This book sets out to do just that, and it involves the author in a careful analysis of the structure of Weber’s argument as well as a consideration of Scottish dogma and enterprise. It is a pity that the title raises the irrelevant issue of presbyteries. Calvinism was a system of belief which in Scotland and some other countries was sustained by a presbyterian church structure, but could equally well make use of episcopacy.